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Manual
test Absorption - Answer-The movement of a chemical into plants, animals (including humans), microorganisms, or soil. acaricide - Answer-A pesticide used to control mites and ticks. A miticide is a type of acaricide. Activated Charcoal - Answer-Charcoal which when finely ground adsorbs liquids and gases. Harvest Aid Chemical - Answer-Material applied to a plant prior to harvest to reduce the amount of plat foliage. (See defoliant.) activator - Answer-An adjuvant added to a pesticide to increase its toxicity active ingredient - Answer-The chemical or chemicals in a product responsible for pesticidal activity acute toxicity - Answer-The capacity of a pesticide to cause injury from a single exposure. LD adherence - Answer-The property of a substance to stick to a given surface Adjuvant - Answer-A substance added to a pesticide to improve its effectiveness or safety. Same as addictive. Examples: penetrants, spreader-stickers, and wetting agents. Adsorption - Answer-The process by which chemicals are held or bound to a surface by physical or chemical attraction. Clay and high organic soils tend to absorb pesticides.
Adulterated Pesticide - Answer-A pesticide that does not conform to the specified standard or quality as documented on its label or labeling. aerosol - Answer-A material stored in a container under pressure. An extremely fine mist is produced when the material, dissolved in a liquid, is released into the air from the pressurized container. agitation - Answer-Process of stirring or mixing in a sprayer. Algae - Answer-Relatively simple plants that contain chlorophyll and are photosynthetic. algaecide - Answer-A pesticide used to kill or inhibit algae. annual - Answer-A plant that completes its life cycle in one year. Antagonism - Answer-The reduction of pesticide activity when who or more different pesticides are mixed together. Antibiotic - Answer-Chemical produced by a microorganism which is toxic to other microorganisms. Examples: streptomycin, cyclohgeximide, and penicillin. anticoagulant - Answer-A chemical which prevents normal blood clotting. The active ingredient in some rodenticides. antidote - Answer-A practical treatment used to counteract the effects of pesticide poisoning or some other poison in the body. Anti-Siphoning Device - Answer-A hose attachment designed to prevent back flow into a water source. Used to prevent flow of pesticide mix from spray tank.
Beneficial Insect - Answer-Insect that is useful or helpful to humans. Examples are pollinators and parasites and predators of pest. biennial - Answer-A plant that completes its life cycle in two years. biological control - Answer-Control of pest using predators, parasites, and disease-causing organisms. May be naturally occurring or introduced. Biomagnification - Answer-The process where some organisms accumulate chemical residues in higher concentrates than those found in the organisms they consume. botanical pesticide - Answer-A pesticide produced from chemicals found in plants. Examples are nicotine, pyrethrum, and strychnine. Brand Name - Answer-The name, number, or designation of a specific pesticide product or device made by a manufacturer or formulator. Broadcast application - Answer-The uniform application of a pesticide or other material over an entire field or area. Broadleaf plants - Answer-Plants with broad, rounded, or flattened leaves with netted veins. Examples: dandelions and roses. Different from the narrow, bladelike leaves with parallel veins of grasses, sedges, rushes, and onions. broad-spectrum pesticide - Answer-A pesticide that is effective against many types of pests. Usually refers to insecticides and fungicides. Buffers - Answer-Adjuvants used to retard chemical degradation of some pesticides by lowering the pH of alkaline water.
Calibrate/Calibration - Answer-To properly adjust equipment; to determine the correct amount of material to be applied to the target area. Carbamates - Answer-A group of pesticides containing nitrogen, formulated as insecticides (sevin, furadan, laminate), fungicides (Mancozeb, Maneb), and herbicides (ICP,CIPC). carcinogenic - Answer-The ability of a substance or agents to induce malignant tumors (cancer). Carrier - Answer-An inert liquid, solid, or gas added to an active ingredient to make a pesticide formulation. A carrier is also the material, usually water of oil, used to dilute the formulated product for application. Causal organisms - Answer-The organism (pathogen) that produces a given disease. chemical name - Answer-The scientific name of the active ingredients found in the formulated product. This complex name is derived from the chemical structure of the active ingredient. Chemigation - Answer-The application of fertilizers or pesticides to soil or plants by inclusion in irrigation water. CHEMTREC - Answer-The chemical transportation emergency center has a toll free number that provides 24hour information fir chemical emergencies such as a spill, leak, fire, or accident. 800- 424 - 9300. Chemosterilant - Answer-A chemical compound capable of preventing animal reproduction Chlorinated Hydrocarbon - Answer-A pesticide containing chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen. Many are persistent in the environment. Examples: chlordane, DDT, methoxychlor.
Corrosive Poison - Answer-A poison containing a strong acid or base that will severely burn the skin, mouth, stomach, respiratory tract, etc. Curative pesticide - Answer-A pesticide which can inhibit or kill a disease-causing organism after it is established in the plant or animal. Days to harvest - Answer-The minimum number of days permitted by law between the last pesticide application and the harvest date. (Same as preharvest interval.) Days to Slaughter - Answer-The minimum number of days permitted by law between the last pesticide application and the date the animal is slaughtered. decontaminate - Answer-To remove or break down a pesticide chemical from a surface or substance. defoliant - Answer-A chemical which initiates the premature drop of leaves. degradation - Answer-The process by which a chemical compounds is broken down to a simpler compound by the action of microorganisms, water, air, sunlight, or other agents. Degradation products are usually, but not always, less toxic than the original compound. deposit - Answer-The amount of pesticide on the treated surface after application. Dermal Toxicity - Answer-The ability of a pesticide to cause injury to a human or animal when absorbed through the skin. desiccant - Answer-A chemical that promotes drying or loss of moisture from a leaf or plant part. detoxify - Answer-To render a pesticide active ingredient or other poisonous chemical harmless.
diagnosis - Answer-The positive identification of a problem and its cause. Diluent - Answer-Any liquid or solid material used to dilute or carry an active ingredient. Dip - Answer-Complete or partial immersion of a plant, animal, or object in a pesticide. disinfectant - Answer-A chemical or other agent that kills or inactivates disease producing microorganisms in animals, seeds, or other plants parts. Also, commonly refers to chemicals used to clean or surface sterilize inanimate objects. dispersing agent - Answer-An adjuvant that facilitates the mixing and suspension of a pesticide formulation in water. dormant spray - Answer-A pesticide application made in late winter or in early spring prior to the resumption of active growth by plants. dose, dosage - Answer-quantity of pesticide applied to a given site or target Drift - Answer-The airborne movement of a pesticide spray or dust beyond the intended contact area. Drift retardant - Answer-An adjuvant added to a spray mixture to reduce drift. Dust - Answer-A finely ground, dry pesticide formulation containing a small amount of active ingredient and a large amount of inert carrier or diluent such as clay or talc. Emulsifiable concentrate - Answer-A pesticide formulation produced by dissolving the active ingredient and an emulsifying agent in a suitable solvent. When added to water, a milky emulsion is formed.
eradication - Answer-The complete elimination of a pest from a site. fetotoxic - Answer-The ability of a substance to cause harm to a developing fetus but not necessarily cause deformities. (See Teratogenic.) Field scout - Answer-A person who samples fields for pest infestation. FIFRA - Answer-The federal insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide act; a federal law dealing with pesticide regulations and use. Flowable - Answer-A pesticide formulation in which a very finely ground solid particle, composed of both active and inert ingredients, is suspended (not dissolved) in a liquid carrier. These formulations are mixed with water before spraying. foaming agent - Answer-An adjuvant designed to reduce drift by causing a pesticide mix to form a thick foam. foam retardant - Answer-An adjuvant used to reduce the foaming of a spray mixture that results from agitation. Fog Treatment - Answer-The application of a pesticide as a fine mist or fog. food chain - Answer-Sequence of species within a community, each member of which serves as a food source for the species next higher in the chain. Forcasting - Answer-The prediction of pest incidence using weather, host, and pathogen characteristics.
formulation - Answer-A pesticide product as purchased, containing a mixture of one or more active ingredients, carriers (inert ingredients), and other additives diluted for safety and ease of application Fumigant - Answer-A pesticide that forms gases or vapors toxic to plants, animals, and microorganisms when absorbed or inhaled. fungi (singular: fungus) - Answer-Non-chlorophyll-bearing plants, living as saprophytes or parasites. Some infect and cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans or destroy wood and fiber products. Others and beneficial, decomposers and human food source. (Examples: rust, mildews, molds, smuts.) fungicide - Answer-A chemical used to control fungi. Fungistatic agent - Answer-A chemical that inhibits the germination of fungal spores or the growth of mycelium but does not kill the fungus. General Use Pesticide - Answer-A pesticide which can be purchased and used by the general public. ( see restricted use pesticide) Germination - Answer-Refers to the sprouting of a seed or the production of a germ tube (mycelium) from a fungus spore. GPA - Answer-Gallons per acre GPM - Answer-gallons per minute granule - Answer-A dry pesticide formulation. The active ingredient is either mixed with or coated onto an inert carrier to form a small, ready-to-use, low-concentrate particle that does not normally present a drift hazard. Pellets differ from granules only in their precise uniformity, larger size, and shape
inhalation toxicity - Answer-The property of a pesticide to be poisonous to humans or animals when breathed in through the lungs. Inoculum - Answer-That portion of a pathogen that can cause disease in a host. insects - Answer-Arthropods characterized by a body composed of three segments and three pairs of legs. insecticide - Answer-A pesticide used to control or prevent damage caused by insects and related arthropods. integrated pest management - Answer-The use of all suitable pest control methods to keep pest populations below the economic injury level. Methods include cultural practices, use of biological, physical, and genetic control agents, and the selective use of pesticides. label - Answer-All printed material attached to or part of a pesticide container. Labeling - Answer-Supplemental pesticide information which complements the information on the label, but which is not necessarily attached to or part of the container. larvae (singular, larva) - Answer-The immature form of an insect or other animal that hatches from the egg. LC50 - Answer-The concentration of a pesticide, usually in air or water, which can kill 50 percent of a test population of animals. LC50 is usually expressed in parts per million (ppm). The lower the LC50 value, the more acutely toxic the chemical. LD50 - Answer-The dose or amount of a pesticide which can kill 50 percent of the test animals when eaten or absorbed through the skin. LD50 is expressed in milligrams of chemical per kilogram of body weight of the animal (mg/kg). The lower the LD50, the more acutely toxic the chemical.
Leaching - Answer-The movement of a substance through soil with water. Metabolite - Answer-In the case of pesticides, a compound derived from changes in the active ingredient through chemical, biological, or physical reactions. The metabolite may be simpler or more complex and may or may not be more poisonous than the original chemical. metamorphosis - Answer-A chance in the shape, size, and/or form of an animal. Microbial Degradation - Answer-Break down of a chemical by microorganisms. Microbial pesticide - Answer-Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms used to control pests. Also called biorationals Microorganisms - Answer-An organism that is so small it cannot be seen without the aid of a microscope. Miscible liquids - Answer-Two or more liquids that can be mixed and will remain mixed under most conditions. Water and ethyl alcohol are miscible; water and oil are not. Mite - Answer-A small arthropod similar to an insect but with eight legs, two body parts, and no antennae. Miticide - Answer-A pesticide used to control mites; synonymous with acaricide. mode of action - Answer-The way in which a pesticide exerts a toxic effect on the target plant or animal Molluscicide - Answer-A chemical used to control snails and slugs.
oncogenic - Answer-The property to produce tumors (not necessarily cancerous) in living tissues. (See carcinogenic.) Oral toxicity - Answer-ability of a pesticide to cause injury when taken by mouth Organophosphates - Answer-A large group of pesticides which contain the element phosphorus. Most are non-persistent insecticides/miticides. Many are highly toxic. Examples: malathion, parathion, diazinon. Ovicide - Answer-A material that destroys eggs. Parasite - Answer-A plant, animal, or microorganism living in, on, or with another living organism for the purpose of obtaining all or part of its food. Pathogen - Answer-A disease causing organism. Penetrant - Answer-An adjuvant added to a spray mixture to enhance the absorption of a pesticide. perennial - Answer-a plant that lives for more than two years. Persistent herbicide - Answer-A herbicide that when applied at the label rate will remain in the soil, often for years. Potentially harmful to rotational crops. (See residual pesticide) Persistent pesticide - Answer-A pesticide chemical (or its metabolites) that remains active in the environment more than one growing season. Some compounds can accumulate in animal and plant tissues or remain in the soil for years. Examples: DDT, chlordane, field run.
pest - Answer-An undesirable organism (insect, fungus, nematode, weed, virus, rodent) which is injurious to humans, desirable plants and animals, manufactured products, or natural products. Pesticide - Answer-A chemical or other agent used to kill or otherwise control pest, or to protect from a pest. PH - Answer-measure of the acidity/alkalinity of a liquid; acid below pH7, basic or alkaline above pH7. Pheromone - Answer-A substance emitted by an animal to influence the behavior of other animals of the same, species. Some are synthetically produced for use in the insect traps. Photodegradation - Answer-Breakdown of chemicals by the action of sunlight. Phytotoxicity - Answer-Injury to plants. Piscicide - Answer-A chemical used to control pest fish. Point of Runoff - Answer-When a spray starts to run or drip from the leaves and stems of plants, or the hair or feathers of animals. poison center - Answer-An agency, generally a hospital, which has current information as to the proper first aid techniques and antidotes fir poisoning emergencies. Listed in telephone directions. Postemergence - Answer-After the weed or crop plants have appeared through the soil. Usually used to specify the timing of herbicide applications. Potentiation - Answer-Occurs when a pesticide becomes significantly more toxic following combination with another pesticide.
Pupa - Answer-The intermediate developmental stage of some insects between larva and adult. Quarantine - Answer-Regulatory method to control the introduction and dissemination of plant and animal pest (animals, insects, weeds, and disease-causing organisms) into new areas. Involves inspections treatments, and destruction of contaminated organisms or their parts. Rate of application - Answer-the amount of pesticide applied to a plant, animal, unit area, or surface; usually measured as per acre, per 1,000 square feet, per linear feet, or per cubic feet. RCRA - Answer-The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act; the federal law regulating the transport, storage, treatment, and disposal of hazardous wastes. Reentry interval - Answer-The length of time following an application of a pesticide when a person is required to wear protective clothing and equipment in a treated field. Registered Pesticides - Answer-Pesticide products that have been registered by the Environmental Protection Agency for the uses listed on the label. Repellent - Answer-A compound that keeps insects, rodents, birds, or other pest away from plants, domestic animals, buildings, or other treated areas. Residual pesticide - Answer-A pesticide that continues to remain effective on a treated surface or area for an extended period following application. residue - Answer-The pesticide active ingredient or its breakdown product(s) which remains in or on the target after treatment.
resistant - Answer-A population of organisms that are uninjured or unaffected by a certain dosage of pesticide chemical used to control other populations of the same organism successfully. Also, plants and animals that are unaffected by a pest species. (See tolerant) Restricted use pesticide - Answer-A pesticide which can be purchased only by certified pesticide applicators and used only by certified applicators or persons directly under their supervision. Not available for use by the general public because of the high toxicities and/or environmental hazards. Rodenticide - Answer-A pesticide used to control rodents. Runoff - Answer-The movement of water and associated materials on the soil surface. Safener - Answer-An adjuvant used to reduce the phytotoxic effects of a pesticide. Saprophyte - Answer-An organism which obtains its food from dead or decaying organic matter. Seed protectant - Answer-A pesticide applied to seeds before planting to protect them from insects, fungi, and other soil pests. Selective pesticide - Answer-A pesticide that is toxic to some pests, but has little or no effect on other similar species. Example: some fungicides are so selective that they control only powdery mildews and no other fungi. Serial application - Answer-The application of one pesticide immediately or shortly after the application of another. Signal words - Answer-Required words which appear on every pesticide label to denote the relative toxicity of the product. The signal words are either DAMGER POISON used with a skull and crossbones symbol fir highly toxic compounds, DANGER for skin and eye irritants, WARNING for moderately toxic, or CAUTION for slightly toxic compounds.
